出租车计价器系统设计中英文对照版

　外文资料翻译

　Machine tool numerical control reforms

　机床数控改造

　First, CNC systems and the development trend of history

　一、数控系统发展简史及趋势

　1946 birth of the world's first electronic computer, which shows that human beings created to enhance and replace some of the mental work tools. It and human agriculture, industrial society in the creation of those who merely increase compared to manual tools, from a qualitative leap for mankind's entry into the information society laid the foundation. Six years later, in 1952, computer technology applied to the machine in the United States was born first CNC machine tools. Since then, the traditional machine produced a qualitative change. Nearly half a century since the CNC system has experienced two phases and six generations of development.

　1946 年诞生了世界上第一台电子计算机，这表明人类创造了可增强和部分

　代替脑力劳动的工具。

　它与人类在农业、 工业社会中创造的那些只是增强体力劳

　动的工具相比，起了质的飞跃，为人类进入信息社会奠定了基础。

　6 年后，即在

　1952 年，计算机技术应用到了机床上，在美国诞生了第一台数控机床。从此，

　传统机床产生了质的变化。

　近半个世纪以来， 数控系统经历了两个阶段和六代的发展。

　1.1, Numerical Control (NC) phase (1952 to 1970)

　1.1、数控（ NC）阶段（ 1952～ 1970 年）

　Early computer's computational speed low and the prevailing scientific computing and data processing is not affected, but can not meet the requirements of real-time control machine. People have to use digital logic circuit "tied" into a single machine as a dedicated computer numerical control system, known as the hardware connection NC (HARD-WIRED NC), called the Numerical Control (NC). With the development of components of this phase after three generations, that is, in 1952 the first generation - tube; 1959 of the second generation - transistor; 1965 of the third generation - small-scale integrated circuits.

　早期计算机的运算速度低， 对当时的科学计算和数据处理影响还不大，

　但不

　能适应机床实时控制的要求。

　人们不得不采用数字逻辑电路

　"搭"成一台机床专用

　计算机作为数控系统，被称为硬件连接数控（

　HARD-WIRED NC ），简称为数控

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　（ NC）。随着元器件的发展， 这个阶段历经了三代， 即 1952 年的第一代 --电子管； 1959 年的第二代 --晶体管； 1965 年的第三代 --小规模集成电路。

　1.2, Computer Numerical Control (CNC) phase (1970 to present)

　1.2、计算机数控（ CNC）阶段（ 1970 年～现在）

　To 1970, GM has been a small computer and mass-produced.So it transplant system as the core component of NC, have entered a Computer Numerical Control (CNC) stage (in front of the computer should be "universal" word omitted). To 1971, the United States INTEL company in the world will be the first time the two most core computer components - computing and controller, a large-scale integrated circuit technology integration in a chip, called the microprocessor (MICROPROCESSOR) , also known as the central processing unit (CPU).

　到 1970 年，通用小型计算机业已出现并成批生产。于是将它移植过来作为数控系统的核心部件，从此进入了计算机数控（ CNC）阶段（把计算机前面应有的 "通用 "两个字省略了）。到 1971 年，美国 INTEL 公司在世界上第一次将计算机的两个最核心的部件 --运算器和控制器，采用大规模集成电路技术集成在一块芯片上，称之为微处理器（ MICROPROCESSOR），又可称为中央处理单元（简称 CPU）。

　1974 microprocessor to be used in CNC system. This is because the function of the computer is too small to control a machine tool capacity affluent (the time has been used to control more than one machine, called Group Control), as a reasonable economic use of the microprocessor. Minicomputer reliability and then not ideal. Early microprocessor speed and functionality while still not high enough, but can be adopted to solve the multi-processor architecture. As microprocessor core is a general computer components, it is still known as the CNC.

　到 1974 年微处理器被应用于数控系统。这是因为小型计算机功能太强，控制一台机床能力有富裕（故当时曾用于控制多台机床，称之为群控） ，不如采用微处理器经济合理。

　而且当时的小型机可靠性也不理想。

　早期的微处理器速度和功能虽还不够高， 但可以通过多处理器结构来解决。

　由于微处理器是通用计算机的核心部件，故仍称为计算机数控。

　By 1990, PC machines (personal computers, domestic habits that computer) performance has been developed to a high stage, as a CNC system to meet the

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　requirements of the core components. NC system based on PC has now entered the stage.

　到了 1990 年，PC 机（个人计算机，国内习惯称微机）的性能已发展到很高

　的阶段，可以满足作为数控系统核心部件的要求。数控系统从此进入了基于

　PC

　的阶段。

　In short, CNC has also experienced a stage three generations. That is, in 1970's fourth generation - small computer; 1974 of the fifth generation - microprocessors and the sixth-generation 1990 - Based on the PC (called PC-BASED abroad).

　总之，计算机数控阶段也经历了三代。即

　1970 年的第四代 --小型计算机；

　1974年的第五代 --微处理器和 1990年的第六代 --基于 PC（国外称为 PC-BASED）。

　Also pointed out that, although the foreign computer has been renamed NC (CNC), but China still customary said Numerical Control (NC). Therefore, we stress the day-to-day "NC", in essence, is that "computer numerically controlled."

　还要指出的是，虽然国外早已改称为计算机数控（即

　CNC）了，而我国仍

　习惯称数控（ NC）。所以我们日常讲的 "数控 "，实质上已是指 " 计算机数控 "了。

　1.3, the trend of future development of NC

　1.3、数控未来发展的趋势

　1.3.1 continue to open, the sixth generation of PC-based development

　1.3.1

　继续向开放式、基于

　PC 的第六代方向发展

　Based on the PC with the open, low-cost, high reliability, rich in resources such as hardware and software features, and more CNC system manufacturers will embark on this path. At least it used PC as a front-end machine, to deal with the human-machine interface, programming, networking and communications problems, the former NC Some systems have the mandate. PC machine with the friendly interface, will be universal to all CNC system. Remote communications, remote diagnostics and maintenance will be more widespread.

　基于 PC 所具有的开放性、低成本、高可靠性、软硬件资源丰富等特点，更

　多的数控系统生产厂家会走上这条道路。至少采用

　PC 机作为它的前端机，来处

　理人机界面、编程、联网通信等问题，由原有的系统承担数控的任务。

　PC 机所

　具有的友好的人机界面， 将普及到所有的数控系统。

　远程通讯， 远程诊断和维修

　将更加普遍。

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　1.3.2 high-speed and high-precision Development

　1.3.2 向高速化和高精度化发展

　This is to adapt to high-speed and high-precision machine tools to the needs of

　the development direction.

　这是适应机床向高速和高精度方向发展的需要。

　1.3.3 intelligent direction to the development

　1.3.3 向智能化方向发展

　With artificial intelligence in the computer field infiltration and the continuing development of the intelligent numerical control system will be continuously improved.

　随着人工智能在计算机领域的不断渗透和发展，

　数控系统的智能化程度将不

　断提高。

　（1）adaptive control technology

　（1）应用自适应控制技术

　CNC system can detect some important information

　in

　the process, and

　automatically adjust system parameters to improve the system running state purposes.

　数控系统能检测过程中一些重要信息，

　并自动调整系统的有关参数， 达到改

　进系统运行状态的目的。

　（2）the introduction of expert guidance processing system

　（2）引入专家系统指导加工

　the experience of skilled workers and experts, processing and the general rules of law of special deposit system, the process parameters to the database as the foundation, and establish artificial intelligence expert system.

　将熟练工人和专家的经验， 加工的一般规律和特殊规律存入系统中，

　以工艺

　参数数据库为支撑，建立具有人工智能的专家系统。

　（3）introduction of Fault Diagnosis Expert System

　（3）引入故障诊断专家系统

　（4）intelligent digital servo drives

　（4）智能化数字伺服驱动装置

　Automatic Identification can load, and automatically adjust parameters to get the best drive system operation.

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　可以通过自动识别负载，而自动调整参数，使驱动系统获得最佳的运行。

　Second, CNC of the need for transformation

　二、机床数控化改造的必要性

　2.1, microscopic view of the necessity of

　2.1、微观看改造的必要性

　From the micro perspective, CNC machine tools than traditional machines have the following prominent superiority, and these advantagesare from the NC system includes computer power.

　从微观上看，数控机床比传统机床有以下突出的优越性，

　而且这些优越性均

　来自数控系统所包含的计算机的威力。

　2.1.1 can be processed by conventional machining is not the curve, surface and other complex parts

　2.1.1 可以加工出传统机床加工不出来的曲线、曲面等复杂的零件。

　Because computers are superb computing power can be accurately calculated instantaneous each coordinate axis movement exercise should be instantaneous, it can compound into complex curves and surfaces.

　由于计算机有高超的运算能力， 可以瞬时准确地计算出每个坐标轴瞬时应该

　运动的运动量，因此可以复合成复杂的曲线或曲面。

　2.1.2 automated processing can be achieved, but also flexible automation to increase machine efficiency than traditional 3 to 7 times.

　2.1.2 可以实现加工的自动化，而且是柔性自动化，从而效率可比传统机床提高 3～7 倍。

　Because computers are memory and storage capacity, can be imported and stored procedures remember down, and then click procedural requirements to implement the order automatically to achieve automation. CNC machine tool as a replacement procedures, we can achieve another work piece machining automation, so that single pieces and small batch production can be automated, it has been called "flexible automation."

　由于计算机有记忆和存储能力，

　可以将输入的程序记住和存储下来，

　然后按

　程序规定的顺序自动去执行，

　从而实现自动化。

　数控机床只要更换一个程序，

　就

　可实现另一工件加工的自动化，

　从而使单件和小批生产得以自动化，

　故被称为实

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　现了 "柔性自动化 "。

　2.1.3 high precision machining parts, the size dispersion of small, easy to assemble, no longer needed "repair."

　2.1.3 加工零件的精度高，尺寸分散度小，使装配容易，不再需要

　"修配 "。

　2.1.4 processes can be realized more focused, in part to reduce the frequent removal machine.

　2.1.4 可实现多工序的集中，减少零件

　在机床间的频繁搬运。

　2.1.5 have automatic alarm, automatic control, automatic compensation, and other self-regulatory functions, thus achieving long unattended processing.

　2.1.5 拥有自动报警、自动监控、自动补偿等多种自律功能，因而可实现长

　时间无人看管加工。

　2.1.6 derived from the benefits of more than five.

　2.1.6 由以上五条派生的好处。

　Such as: reducing the labor intensity of the workers, save the labor force (one can look after more than one machine), a decrease of tooling, shorten Trial Production of a new product cycle and the production cycle, the market demand for quick response, and so on.

　如：降低了工人的劳动强度，节省了劳动力（一个人可以看管多台机床）

　，

　减少了工装，缩短了新产品试制周期和生产周期，

　可对市场需求作出快速反应等

　等。

　These advantages are our predecessors did not expect, is a very major breakthrough. In addition, CNC machine tools or the FMC (Flexible Manufacturing Cell), FMS (flexible manufacturing system) and CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing System), and other enterprises, the basis of information transformation. NC manufacturing automation technology has become the core technology and basic technology.

　以上这些优越性是前人想象不到的，

　是一个极为重大的突破。

　此外，机床数

　控化还是推行 FMC （柔性制造单元）、FMS（柔性制造系统）以及

　CIMS （计算

　机集成制造系统） 等企业信息化改造的基础。

　数控技术已经成为制造业自动化的核心技术和基础技术。

　2.2, the macro view of the necessity

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　2.2、宏观看改造的必要性

　From a macro perspective, the military industrial developed countries, the machinery industry, in the late 1970s, early 1980s, has begun a large-scale application of CNC machine tools. Its essence is the use of information technology on the traditional industries (including the military, the Machinery Industry) for technological transformation. In addition to the manufacturing process used in CNC machine tools, FMC, FMS, but also included in the product development in the implementation of CAD, CAE, CAM, virtual manufacturing and production managementin the implementation of the MIS (Management Information System), CIMS, and so on. And the products that they produce an increase in information technology, including artificial intelligence and other content. As the use of information technology to foreign forces, the depth of Machinery Industry (referred to as information technology), and ultimately makes their products in the international military and civilian products on the market competitiveness of much stronger. And we in the information technology to transform traditional industries than about 20 years behind developed countries. Such as possession of machine tools in China, the proportion of CNC machine tools (CNC rate) in 1995 to only 1.9 percent, while Japan in 1994 reached 20.8 percent, every year a large number of imports of mechanical and electrical products. This also explains the macro CNC transformation of the need.

　从宏观上看，工业发达国家的军、民机械工业，在

　70 年代末、 80 年代初已

　开始大规模应用数控机床。其本质是，采用信息技术对传统产业（包括军、民机

　械工业）进行技术改造。除在制造过程中采用数控机床、 FMC 、FMS 外，还包括在产品开发中推行 CAD 、CAE 、CAM 、虚拟制造以及在生产管理中推行 MIS （管理信息系统）、CIMS 等等。以及在其生产的产品中增加信息技术，包括人

　工智能等的含量。

　由于采用信息技术对国外军、 民机械工业进行深入改造 （称之为信息化），最终使得他们的产品在国际军品和民品的市场上竞争力大为增强。

　而我们在信息技术改造传统产业方面比发达国家约落后

　20 年。如我国机床拥有

　量中，数控机床的比重（数控化率）到

　1995 年只有 1.9％，而日本在 1994 年已

　达 20.8％，因此每年都有大量机电产品进口。

　这也就从宏观上说明了机床数控化改造的必要性。

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　Third, CNC machine tools and production lines of the transformation of the market

　三、机床与生产线数控化改造的市场

　3.1, CNC transformation of the market

　3.1、机床数控化改造的市场

　My current machine total more than 380 million units, of which only the total number of CNC machine tool 113,400 Taiwan, or that China's CNC rate of less than 3 percent. Over the past 10 years, China's annual output of about 0.6 CNC machine tools to 0.8 million units, an annual output value of about 1.8 billion yuan. CNC machine tools annual rate of 6 per cent. China's machine tool easements over age 10 account for more than 60% below the 10 machines, automatic / semi-automatic machine less than 20 per cent, FMC / FMS, such as a handful more automated production line (the United States and Japan automatic and semi-automatic machine, 60 percent above). This shows that we the majority of manufacturing industries and enterprises of the production, processing equipment is the great majority of traditional machine tools, and more than half of military age is over 10 years old machine. Processing equipment used by the prevalence of poor quality products, less variety, low-grade, high cost, supply a long period, in view of the international and domestic markets, lack of competitiveness, and a direct impact on a company's products, markets, efficiency and impact The survival and development of enterprises. Therefore, we must vigorously raise the rate of CNC machine tools.

　我国目前机床总量 380 余万台，而其中数控机床总数只有 11.34 万台，即我国机床数控化率不到 3％。近 10 年来，我国数控机床年产量约为 0.6～0.8 万台，年产值约为 18 亿元。机床的年产量数控化率为 6％。我国机床役龄 10 年以上的占 60％以上； 10 年以下的机床中，自动 /半自动机床不到 20％， FMC/FMS 等自

　动化生产线更屈指可数（美国和日本自动和半自动机床占 60％以上）。可见我们的大多数制造行业和企业的生产、 加工装备绝大数是传统的机床， 而且半数以上是役龄在 10 年以上的旧机床。用这种装备加工出来的产品普遍存在质量差、品种少、档次低、成本高、供货期长，从而在国际、国内市场上缺乏竞争力，直接影响一个企业的产品、市场、效益，影响企业的生存和发展。所以必须大力提高机床的数控化率。

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　3.2, import equipment and production lines of the transformation of NC market

　3.2、进口设备和生产线的数控化改造市场

　Since China's reform and opening up, many foreign enterprises from the introduction of technology, equipment and production lines for technological transformation. According to incomplete statistics, from 1979 to 1988 10, the introduction of technological transformation projects are 18,446, about 16.58 billion US dollars.

　我国自改革开放以来， 很多企业从国外引进技术、 设备和生产线进行技术改

　造。据不完全统计，从 1979～ 1988 年 10 年间，全国引进技术改造项目就有

　18446

　项，大约 165.8 亿美元。

　These projects, the majority of projects in China's economic construction play a due role. Some, however, the introduction of projects due to various reasons, not equipment or normal operation of the production line, and even paralyzed, and the effectiveness of enterprises affected by serious enterprise is in trouble. Some of the equipment, production lines introduced from abroad, the digestion and absorption of some bad, spare parts incomplete, improper maintenance, poor operating results; only pay attention to the introduction of some imported the equipment, apparatus, production lines, ignore software, technology, and management, resulting in items integrity, and potential equipment can not play, but some can not even start running, did not play due role, but some production lines to sell the products very well, but not because of equipment failure production standards; because some high energy consumption, low pass rate products incur losses, but some have introduced a longer time, and the need for technological upgrading. Some of the causes of the equipment did not create wealth, but consumption of wealth.

　这些项目中，大部分项目为我国的经济建设发挥了应有的作用。

　但是有的引进项目由于种种原因， 设备或生产线不能正常运转， 甚至瘫痪， 使企业的效益受到影响，严重的使企业陷入困境。一些设备、生产线从国外引进以后，有的消化吸收不好，备件不全，维护不当，结果运转不良；有的引进时只注意引进设备、

　仪器、生产线，忽视软件、工艺、管理等，造成项目不完整， 设备潜力不能发挥；有的甚至不能启动运行， 没有发挥应有的作用； 有的生产线的产品销路很好， 但是因为设备故障不能达产达标； 有的因为能耗高、 产品合格率低而造成亏损； 有

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　的已引进较长时间，需要进行技术更新。种种原因使有的设备不仅没有创造财富，

　反而消耗着财富。

　These can not use the equipment, production lines is a burden, but also a number of significant assets in stock, wealth is repaired. As long as identifying the main technical difficulties, and solve key technical problems, we can minimize the investment and make the most of their assets in stock, gain the greatest economic and social benefits. This is a great transformation of the market.

　这些不能使用的设备、 生产线是个包袱， 也是一批很大的存量资产，

　修好了

　就是财富。只要找出主要的技术难点， 解决关键技术问题， 就可以最小的投资盘

　活最大的存量资产， 争取到最大的经济效益和社会效益。

　这也是一个极大的改造

　市场。

　Fourth, NC transformation of the content and gifted missing

　四、数控化改造的内容及优缺

　4.1, the rise of foreign trade reform

　4.1、国外改造业的兴起

　In the United States, Japan and Germany and other developed countries, and their machine transformation as new economic growth sector, the business scene, is in a golden age. The machine, as well as technology continues to progress, is a machine of the "eternal" issue. China's machine tool industry transformation, but also from old industries to enter the CNC technology mainly to the new industries. In the United States, Japan, Germany, with CNC machine tools and technological transformation of production lines vast market, has formed a CNC machine tools and production lines of the new industry. In the United States, transforming machine tool industry as renewable (Remanufacturing) industry. Renewable industry in the famous companies: Borsches engineering company, atoms machine tool company, Devlieg-Bullavd (Bo) services group, US equipment companies. Companies in the United States-run companies in China. In Japan, the machine tool industry transformation as machine modification (Retrofitting) industry. Conversion industry in the famous companies: Okuma engineering group, Kong 3 Machinery Company, Chiyoda Engineering Company, Nozaki engineering company, Hamada engineering companies, Yamamoto Engineering Company.

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　在美国、日本和德国等发达国家，它们的机床改造作为新的经济增长行业，

　生意盎然，正处在黄金时代。由于机床以及技术的不断进步，机床改造是个

　"永

　恒 "的课题。我国的机床改造业，也从老的行业进入到以数控技术为主的新的行业。在美国、日本、德国，用数控技术改造机床和生产线具有广阔的市场，已形成了机床和生产线数控改造的新的行业。在美国，机床改造业称为机床再生

　（ Remanufacturing）业。从事再生业的著名公司有： Bertsche 工程公司、 ayton 机床公司、 Devlieg-Bullavd （得宝）服务集团、 US 设备公司等。美国得宝公司

　已在中国开办公司。在日本，机床改造业称为机床改装（ Retrofitting ）业。从事改装业的著名公司有：大隈工程集团、岗三机械公司、千代田工机公司、野崎工程公司、滨田工程公司、山本工程公司等。

　4.2, the content of NC

　4.2、数控化改造的内容

　Machine tools and production line NC transformation main contents of the following:

　机床与生产线的数控化改造主要内容有以下几点：

　One is the restoration of the original features of the machine tools, production line of the fault diagnosis and recovery; second NC, in the ordinary machine augends significant installations, or additions to NC system, transformed into NC machine tools, CNC machine tools; its Third, renovation, to improve accuracy, efficiency and the degree of automation, mechanical, electrical part of the renovation, re-assembly of mechanical parts processing, restore the original accuracy of their production requirements are not satisfied with the latest CNC system update; Fourth, the technology updates or technical innovation, to enhance performance or grades, or for the use of new technology, new technologies, based on the original technology for large-scale update or technological innovation, and more significantly raise the level, and grades of upgrading.

　其一是恢复原功能， 对机床、生产线存在的故障部分进行诊断并恢复；

　其二

　是 NC 化，在普通机床上加数显装置，或加数控系统，改造成

　NC 机床、 CNC

　机床；其三是翻新，为提高精度、效率和自动化程度，对机械、电气部分进行翻

　新，对机械部分重新装配加工，恢复原精度；对其不满足生产要求的

　CNC 系统

　以最新 CNC 进行更新；其四是技术更新或技术创新，为提高性能或档次，或为

　11

　外文资料翻译

　了使用新工艺、 新技术，在原有基础上进行较大规模的技术更新或技术创新，

　较

　大幅度地提高水平和档次的更新改造。

　4.3, NC transformation of the gifted missing

　4.3、数控化改造的优缺

　4.3.1 reduce the amount of investment, shorter delivery time

　4.3.1

　减少投资额、交货期短

　Compared with the purchase of new machine, the general can save 60% to 80% of the costs and transforming low-cost. Especially for large, special machine tools particularly obvious. General transformation of large-scale machine, spent only the cost of the new machine purchase 1 / 3, short delivery time. But some special circumstances, such as high-speed spindle, automatic tray switching systems and the production of the installation costs too costly and often raise the cost of 2 to 3 times compared with the purchase of new machine, only about 50 percent of savings investment.

　同购置新机床相比，一般可以节省

　60％～ 80％的费用，改造费用低。特别

　是大型、特殊机床尤其明显。一般大型机床改造，只花新机床购置费用的 1/3，交货期短。但有些特殊情况， 如高速主轴、 托盘自动交换装置的制作与安装过于费工、费钱，往往改造成本提高 2～3 倍，与购置新机床相比， 只能节省投资 50％左右。

　4.3.2 stable and reliable mechanical properties, structure limited

　4.3.2

　机械性能稳定可靠，结构受限

　By the use of bed, column, and other basic items are heavy and solid casting components, rather than kind of welding components of the machine after the high-performance, quality, and can continue to use the new equipment for many years. But by the mechanical structure of the original restrictions, it is not appropriate to the transformation of a breakthrough.

　所利用的床身、 立柱等基础件